![]() ![]() This is especially so in Pan where post-canine teeth are smaller compared to Gorilla. Incisors of great apes are larger than those of modern humans relative to post-canine tooth size. Upper central incisors are wider mesiodistally at their incisal edge than upper lateral incisors whereas lower central incisors are narrower than lower lateral incisors. The mesial and distal margins of incisor crowns (marginal ridges) may be weakly or strongly developed, extreme development giving rise to a ‘shovel-shaped’ morphology on their lingual aspect. Incisor crowns are spatulate and generally have a rounded distal incisal edge but a sharper more angular mesial incisal edge. The cervical margin between the crown and the root is more sinuous than in other tooth types rising higher towards the occlusal edge mesially and distally. Maxillary incisor roots are conical and tapering whereas mandibular incisor roots are more ‘blade-like’ being flattened mesodistally. In all Hominids there are eight incisors, two in each quadrant of the mouth. Surfaces that face the tongue are lingual and surfaces on the outer aspect of the tooth arch are buccal. Tooth surfaces that face the anterior midline of the jaws are termed mesial and those that face away from it distal. I ncisor teeth are positioned anterior to the canines and in the upper jaw are further defined as developing within the frontonasal process that becomes the premaxilla. ![]()
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